Computer Organization and Assembly Language Programming

In computer engineering, computer architecture is a set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of computer systems. Some de nitions of architecture de ne it as describing the capabilities and programming model of a computer but not a particular implementation. In other de nitions computer architecture involves instruction set architecture design, microarchitecture design, logic design, and implementation. Each personal computer has a microprocessor that manages the computer's arithmetical, logical, and control activities. Each family of processors has its own set of instructions for handling various operations such as getting input from keyboard, displaying information on screen and performing various other jobs. These set of instructions are called 'machine language instructions'. A processor understands only machine language instructions, which are strings of 1's and 0's. However, machine language is too obscure and complex for using in software development. So, the low-level assembly language is designed for a speci c family of processors that represents various instructions in symbolic code and a more understandable form. An assembly language is a low-level programming language for a computer, or other programmable device, in which there is a very strong (generally one-to-one) correspondence between the language and the architecture's machine code instructions.